With the advance of characterization techniques such as electron tomography, two types of tree branch‐like and flower‐like structures can be distinguished, both described as “dendritic” in literature. Understanding what possible “dendritic structures” are, their formation mechanisms and the underlying structure‐property relationship is fundamentally important. Despite a large number of publications (>800), the terminology of “dendritic” is ambiguous. Recently, a new family of “dendritic” mesoporous silica nanoparticles has attracted great interest with widespread applications. This study offers a new avenue in designing a multifunctional platform for the synergy of different antitumor modalities. This mutually beneficial strategy results in high therapeutic efficacy and negligible side effects verified by both in vitro and in vivo studies. The photothermal effect enhanced tumor permeability of reactive oxygen species and Pt-based drug molecules and the photodynamic effect destructed heat shock proteins to prevent the mechanism of cellular self-protection response to heat. The gold nanorods play the dual role of photothermal converter and energy acceptor of fluorescence resonance energy transfer effect from the star polymers. We applied the Pt-based metallacycle-cored star polymers as both a photodynamic photosensitizer and a Pt-based anticancer drug. Here, we report a multifunctional platform composed of metallacycle-based star polymer and gold nanorods for synergistic photochemotherapy. However, the integration of different anticancer modalities is often challenging because of the conflicts between maximal synergy of therapeutic effects and reduction of side effects. Combinational therapies have exhibited promises in antitumor treatments.
Overall, we argue MSNs provide a bright future for both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.Īlthough platinum-based anticancer drugs have prevailed in traditional chemotherapy, the severe side effects and drug resistance hampered their clinical applications.
Besides that, MSNs have also been applied as a multifunctional DDA where they can serve in both the diagnostic and treatment of cancer. We focus on the fabrication of MSNs, the challenges in DDA development and how MSNs address the problems through the development of smart DDA using MSNs. This review describes the latest advancement of MSNs as DDA for cancer treatment. The popularity of MSNs is due to their unique properties such as tunable particle and pore size, high surface area and pore volume, easy functionalization and surface modification, high stability and their capability to efficiently entrap cargo molecules. In 2001, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were first used as DDA and have gained considerable attention in this field. One way is through the utilization of drug delivery agents (DDA) based on nanomaterials. Therefore, a need to find more effective and specific treatments still exists. However, there are still cases where surgical removal is impossible, metastases are challenging, and chemotherapy and radiotherapy pose severe side effects. Our study provides new knowledge in the design of effective cancer nanovaccines.Ĭancer treatment and therapy have made significant leaps and bounds in these past decades. When benzene bridge groups are present in the framework, pristine nanoparticles with large mesopores and high pore volumes are able to stimulate the maturation of dendritic cells, and efficiently co-encapsulate ovalbumin (OVA) and CpG for delivery into immune cells, leading to a superior tumor inhibition performance in an aggressive OVA-expressed B16F10 melanoma model, with 100% tumor-free mice in 25 days. It is shown that the chemical compositions of bridged organosilica framework (–Si–R–Si–OH, R = benzene, ethylene) have a significant impact on their functionalities. In the present work, we report that pristine benzene-bridged mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles are a novel immunoadjuvant and co-delivery platform for both antigen and cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG, a toll-like receptor 9 agonist). However, developing nanoparticles possessing both potent immunoadjuvant and co-delivery activities without tedious functionalization remains challenging. Nanomaterials have provided an emerging solution to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines against malignant tumors.
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